A Busy Month

Map showing Indian Wild Sanctuaries:-

Map showing Indian National Parks:-

Bird Sanctuaries in India:-

List of Migratory birds in India:-

Great flamingo,

Ruff

Black winged stilt

Common teal

Gad wall 

Yellow wagtail,

Starling

Blue throat

Asian koel

Comb duck,

Cukoos

Germination of Seeds - Theory and Experiment - Science

Basva's farm-Types of Farming

Basva's Farm

Rabi crops:-

Rabi crops or Rabi harves refers to agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season. 

The term is derived from the Arabic word for "spring", which is used in the Indian subcontinent. The Rabi crop  is the spring harvest (also known as the "winter crop") in Indian subcontinent.

The term Rabi means "spring" in Arabic, and the rabi crops are grown between the months mid November to April.

The water that has percolated in the ground during the rains is main source of water for these crops. Rabi crops require irrigation.

So a good or bountiful rain may tend to spoil the Kharif crops but it is good for Rabi crops.

These crops are taken after the departure of monsoon rains. The seeds are sown after the rains have gone and harvesting begins in April/May.

Major Rabi crop is wheat in India followed by barley, mustard, sesame and peas. (They are harvested early as they are ready early). So Indian Markets are flooded with Green Peas from January to March (Peak is Feb.)

Examples of Rabi Crops: 

Wheat  

     Gram

     Pea

 Mustard

      Linseed 

   Barley 

Kharif Crops:-

Kharif crop, refers to the planting, cultivation and harvesting of any domesticated plant sown in the rainy (monsoon) season on the Asian subcontinent.

 Such crops are planted for autumn harvest and may also be called the summer or monsoon crop in India and Pakistan. 

Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the south-west monsoon season. 

In Pakistan the kharif season starts on April 16 and lasts until October 15. 

In India the kharif season varies by crop and state, with kharif starting at the earliest in May and ending at the latest in January, but is popularly considered to start in June and to end in October. 

Rice is the main Kharif crop

  Rice

Examples include  :-

Maize,

 Sugarcane, 

Cotton,

 Jawar,

 Bajra  

soyabean,

 turmeric,

 paddy,

 moong,

 ground nuts ,

 red chillies.

These crops are totally dependent on the quantity of rain water as well its timing. Too much, too little or at wrong time may lay waste the whole year's efforts.

The harvesting begins with Diwali days or slightly earlier during Vijayadashmi days. Since this period coincides with the beginning of Autumn / winter in the Indian sub-continent It is called "Kharif period " and the crops are "kharif crops".

Crops grown in different parts of INDIA:-

A River Tale--(Evaporation and Condensation)

MAP OF INDIA SHOWING RIVERS:-

Rivers in India carry almost 1683000 million cubic meters of water every year. Indian rivers can be divided into 4. They are :

• Central Indian and Rivers of the Deccan region
• Himalayan Rivers
• Coastal Rivers
• Inland rivers

Rivers of the Deccan region : The rivers of the Deccan region and central India are totally dependant on the monsoons and these rivers dry up in summer and almost all of them are non-perennial rivers. The major rivers of this region are the following :

1. Narmada : Length of the river is 785 km. Narmada river originates from the Amarkaandak branch of the Maikaal range. It flows through the Vindhya Satpura ranges and finally flows into the Arabian Sea.

2. Tapti : Length of the river is 720 km. The river originates from Bethool in Madhya Pradesh. The Tapti river empties into the Arabian Sea.

3. Mahanadi : The Mahanadi river is 880 km in length. The river originates from the Sahava region which lies south to the Amarkaandak peak. The river splits into distributaries in the costal plains of Cuttak in Orissa.

4. Damodar : The river is 530 km in length. Damodar originates from the Daaru peak in Chotta Nagpur and merges with the Hoogli river. Gaddi, Konaar, Jamunia, Baaraakaar etc are tributaries.

5. Godavari : Godavari is one of the longest rivers of the Deccan region. It flows over a distance of 1440 km. Godavari originates from Thrayyabaka near Nasik in the state if Maharashtra. It flows through Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Praneetha, Penuganga, Vardha, Indravathi etc are the major triburaries.

6. Krishna : Krishna is also another important river of the southern region. The river originate near Mahabaleshwar and flows east through the state of Andhra Pradesh and empties into the Bay of Bengal. Bheema and Thungabhadra are the major tributaries.

7. Kaveri : The river flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu and empties into the Bay of Bengal. Length of the river is 760 km.

Apart from these major rivers, rivers like Chambal, Sindh, Bekvason etc... originates in the Vindhya-Satpura ranges and merges with the Ganges and the Yamuna.

North Indian Rivers : Most of the north Indian rivers originate from the Himalayas and are very prosperous and perennial since they are ice fed. Floods are common in some of these rivers during summer when the ice in the Himalayas melts during summer increasing the amount of water in these rivers.

Sindhu : The Sindhu river originates in the Tibetan Plateau and empties into the Arabian Sea. The river flows over a length of 2880 km. Following the India-Pakistan division, majority of the river now flows through Pakistan. Sutlej, Jhalem, Chenab, Ravi, Biyaas etc are the major tributaries.

Sutluej : The river originates in the Kailaas regions, flows 200 km westwards through Ludhiana and Jalandhar districts of Punjab and then changes route and flows south-west. The total length of the river is 1440 km of which it flows 1100 km within India.

Ganga or the Ganges : Ganges is the longest river in India and has a total length of 2480 kms. The Ganges flows through the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal. River Ganges originates from Gomukh in the Himalayas. The river flows 1200 km eastwards and then turns south and splits into two. One branch enters Bangladesh and the other branch, known by the names Hoogli and Bhageeradhi, flows south and empties into the Bay of Bengal. The main tributaries of the Ganges river are Yamuna, Zon, Kozi etc...

Yamuna : The river is 1375 km in length and runs parallel to the ganges for almost 600 km before joining it at Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. Chambal, Sindh, Bethwa etc... are the main tributaries.

Brahmaputra : The river Brahmaputra originates from Kailaas, near the Maanasasarovar lake. After flowing through southern Tibet for almost 1250 km, Brahmaputra enters India and then Bangladesh, joins with the branch of Ganges in Bangladesh and finally empties into the Bay of Bengal. Brahmaputhra is the most prosperous river among all the other Indian rivers.

CHANGING TIMES

MAP OF INDIA DURING DIFFERENT TIMES:-

CONTROL OF INDIA BY THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY

Map of India Before Independence:-

Map of India Today:-

World Heritage Monuments of India

MAP(go to following link)

http://www.indiapicks.com/Heritage/Map-1b.jpg

                                             

The Cultural Sites

Agra Fort, Agra (1983) Agra Fort represents the first major building project of Akbar, with remains of only a few buildings built by him which now survive. Built on the site of an earlier castle in AD 1565-1575, the fort, apart from other important units, contains Jahangiri Mahal, Khass Mahal, Diwan-i-Khass, Diwan-i-Am, Machchhi Bhawan and Moti Masjid. Many extant buildings were erected by Shah Jahan (AD 1630-1655). Of its four gates, the most impressive is the Delhi Gate on the west.

Ajanta Caves (1983) The world famous Ajanta Caves including the unfinished ones are thirty in number, of which five (9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) are chaitya-grihas and the rest are viharas (monasteries).

Ellora Caves (1983) The magnificent group of rock-cut shrines of Ellora, representing three different faiths, Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina were excavated during the period from fifth to the thirteenth century AD.

Taj Mahal, Agra (1983) Taj on the right bank of River Yamuna, about 1.5km from the Agra fort, was built to enshrine the remains of Arjumand Banu Begam entitled Mumtaj Mahal, the queen of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. lts construction commenced in AD 1631 and completed seventeen years later at an enormous cost and labour. d.

Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments (1984) Mahabalipuram or Mamallapuram, the city of Mamalla, is named after the title of great Pallava ruler Narasimhavarman-I (AD 630-668). It was a sea-port during the time of Periplus (first century AD) and Ptolemy (AD 140) and many Indian colonists sailed to South-East Asia through this port town.

Sun Temple, Konark (1984) Konark is the Kainapara of the Periplus (first century AD) - an important port of the Orissan coast. The most notable marvel is the stately Sun Temple, built in c. AD 1250, during the reign of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva-I (AD 1238-1264), to enshrine an image of Sun (Arka), the patron deity of the place.

Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986) Hampi, on the southern bank of the Tungabhadra, once formed the seat of the mighty Vijayanagara empire. The contemporary chroniclers who came from far off countries like Arabia, Italy, Portugal and Russia visited the empire and have left graphic and glowing accounts of the city.

Fatehpur Sikri, Agra (1986) In honour of saint Shaikh Salim Chishti, the Mughal emperor Akbar, the great, founded a magnificent city on Sikri ridge. In 1571 he ordered the construction of buildings for his own use and asked the noblemen to built houses for themselves. Within a year, most of the work was finished and within the next few years, a well planned city with administrative, residential and religious buildings came into existence.

Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) Khajuraho, the ancient Kharjjuravahaka, was the principal seat of authority of the Chandella rulers who adorned it with numerous tanks, scores of lofty temples of sculptural grace and architectural splendour. The local tradition lists eighty-five temples but now only twenty-five are standing examples in various stages of preservation. But for Chausath-Yogini, Brahma and Mahadeva which are of granite, all the other temples are of fine grained sandstone, buff, pink or pale yellow in colour. The Lakshmana temple dedicated to Vishnu built byYasovarman (AD 954), is an ornate and evolved example.

Elephanta Caves (1987) Elephanta anciently known as Gharapuri, the island capital of Konkan Mauryas, is celebrated for its colossal image of Mahesamurti with three heads each representing a different form. In fact, there are seven caves out of which the most important is the Mahesamurti cave. The main body of the cave, excluding the porticos on the three open sides and the back isle is 27 metres square and is supported by rows of six columns each. The gigantic figures of dvarapalas or doorkeepers here are very impressive.

Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004) The celebrated Saiva temple, appropriately called Brihadisvara and Dakshinameru, is the grandest creation of the Chola emperor Rajaraja (AD 985-1012) at Thanjavur. It was inaugurated by the king himself in his 19th regnal year and named it after himself as Rajesvara Peruvudaiyar. Architecturally, it is the most ambitious structural temple built of granite. The temple is within a spacious inner prakara of 240.90 m long (east-west) and 122m broad (north-south), with a gopura at the east and three other ordinary toranaentrances one at each lateral sides and the third at rear.

Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987) Pattadakal is not only popular for Chalukyan architecture but it is also a holy place for royal coronation, Pattadakisuvolal. Temples constructed here mark the blending of the Rekha­Nagara-Prasada and the Dravida Vimana styles of temple building. The oldest temple at Pattadakal is Sangamesvara built by Vijayaditya Satyasraya (AD 697­733). It is a simple but massive structure.

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) Imposing Stupa-1 with four gateways and railings made Sanchi a world famous Buddhist site. The original stupa of the Asokan times was enlarged and faced with stones.lt is decorated with balustrades, staircases and an umbrella on top. Besides this, other stupas, monolithic Asokan pillar, many other temples, monasteries and sculptures are found scattered at Sanchi and its adjoining hills from the Mauryan period to the twelfth century AD.

Humayun's Tomb; New Delhi (1993) The first substantial example of a garden tomb on charbagh pattern with high arches and double dome was erected by Humayun's queen Hamida Banu Begam (Haji Begam) in AD 1569 at a cost of 15 lakh rupees (1.5 million).

Qutb Complex, New Delhi (1993) Qutb-Minar in red and buff sandstone is the highest tower in India. It has a diameter of 14.32m at the base and about 2.75m on the top with a height of 72.5m. Qutbu'd-Din Aibak laid the foundation of Minar in AD 1199 for the use of the mu'azzin (crier) to give calls for prayer and raised the first storey, to which were added three more storeys by his successor and son-in-law, Shamsu'd-Din IItutmish (AD 1211-1236). All the storeys are surrounded by a projected balcony encircling the minar and supported by stone brackets, which are decorated with honey-comb design, more conspicuously in the first storey. Numerous inscriptions in Arabic and Nagari characters in different places of the minar reveal the history of Qutb. According to the inscriptions on its surface it was repaired by Firuz Shah Tughlaq (AD 1351-1388) and Sikandar Lodi (AD 1489-1517).

Mahabodhi Temple,Bodhgaya (2002) The Mahabodhi Temple Complex is one of the four holy sites related to the life of the Lord Buddha, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment. The first temple was built by Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century B.C., and the present temple dates from the 5th or 6th centuries. It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick, still standing in India, from the late Gupta period

Prehistoric Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003) The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka are in the foothills of the Vindhyan Mountains on the southern edge of the Central Indian plateau.

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park(2004) The impressive archaeological remains, located about fifty kms from Baroda (Gujarat) are at the foot of the Pavagadh hill. It was a prosperous medieval capital which ranked with other medieval capitals viz., Fatehpur Sikri and Vijayanagara.

Red Fort Complex, Delhi (2007) The Red Fort Complex was built as the palace fort of Shahjahanabad - the new capital of the 5th Mughal Emperor of India, Shahjahan (1628-58). It gets its name from its massive enclosing walls of red sandstone. It is adjacent to an older fort, the Salimgarh, built by Islam Shah Sur in 1546, with which it forms the Red Fort Complex.

             

Flowering or non-flowering plants( the valley of flowers)

THE VALLEY OF FLOWERS

UTTARANCHAL MAP

UTTARANCHAL IS CALLED THE VALLEY OF FLOWERS.

GO TO THE LINK
http://www.wimp.com/lifeflowers/

TO SEE THE FLOWERS BLOSSOMING OUT OF BUDS.

HU TU TU, HU TU TU

https://www.google.co.in/webhp?source=search_app#sclient=psy-ab&q=indoor+and+outdoor+games&oq=indoor+and+&gs_l=serp.1.1.0i20j0l9.37984.40260.2.43963.11.9.0.2.2.0.315.2318.0j1j6j2.9.0...0.0.0..1c.1.15.serp.LxqoRVVMhUs&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=7e7364bc4198e8f&biw=1600&bih=799




GO TO THIS LINK  GIVEN ABOVE TO WATCH THE POWERPOINT ON INDOOR AND OUTDOOR GAMES.




Women who made INDIA proud:-

1.)
SANIA MIRZA-TENNIS
She is probably the most well-known female Indian sportsperson internationally. She was the first woman who could make it to the fourth round of Grand Slam Tournament in US Open in 2005. 
Having been honored with the the Arjuna Award in 2004 and Padam Shri award in 2006, she has also won the doubles with Mahesh Bhupathi in Australian Open in 2009. In Doha Asian games in 2006 Sania won a silver medal for singles and gold in doubles with Leander Paes.

SAINA NEHWAL-BADMINTON

Making big news through her hardwork, dedication and talent, Saina has been ranked number 3 in the world by Badminton World Federation. 

She is the first woman who had made it to the singles quarter finals in Olympic games and the first Indian to win Super Series Tournament in 2009. She also won a gold medal in Women’s Single Shuttle Badminton in Common Wealth Games, 2010.

ANJUM CHOPRA-CRICKET

A player in the Indian Women’s Cricket team, Anjum was the first every female Indian player to score a century in One Day International match. She is a left handed batsmen and an opener in cricket matches. 
Having played 12 test matches and 116 One Day Internationals, she is a right-arm medium-fast bowler. She has been awarded with the Arjuna Award in 2007 for her valuable contribution to Indian Women’s Cricket.


SONIKA KALIRAMAN-WRESLING
Sonika is the only Indian woman wrestler having made it to the Asian Games. Her father Master Chandgi Ram and brother Jagdish are very well known names in the field of wrestling in India. 
Sonika, hence, carries forward her family in the sport. Married to an NRI, Siddharth Malik, she in now settled in California, USA, originally hailing from Haryana.

TEJASWINI SAWANT-SHOOTING
Daughter of an Indian Navy Officer, Ravindra Sawant, Tejaswini represented India in 2004 at the 9^thSouth Asian Sports Federation Games. She has been supported currently by Olympic Gold Quest. She in 2006 Common Wealth Games won gold medals in Women’s 10m Air Rifle Singles and Women’s 10m Air Rifle pairs. 
In 2009 in 50m Rifle three positions she won a bronze and in 2010 she became a world champion in 50m Rifle Prone game held in Germany. In 2010 Common Wealth Games she won two silver and one bronze medals in Women’s 50m Rifle Prone Singles, Women’s 50m Rifle 3 positions and Women’s 50m Rifle Prone Pairs respectively. Tejaswini was the first Indian woman shooter to win a Gold medal at the World Championships in 50 m Rifle Prone game.



PT USHA (THE TEARAWAY PAYYOLI EXPRESS)
Pilavullakandi Thekkeparambil Usha is a name almost everyone in India is aware of. She has been one of the phenomenon athletes of all times in India. This Golden girl from Kerela has been linked with athletics ever since 1979. She has been given the coveted title of ‘Queen of Indian track and field’





Jwala Gutta: Volcanic beauty of the court
GAME :- BADMINTON

. In 2006, she has won the Sri Lanka International Satellite Tournament and in 2007 she clinched the Cyprus Badminton International tournament.

Jwala also won the prestigious gold medal in women’s doubles in the Commonwealth Games in 2010. She won a bronze medal in the world championships in 2011. 

Jhulan Goswami: The Indian ‘Bowling Express’

She is like the tempest, when it comes to bowling in the game of cricket. Jhulan is considered to be the fastest female bowler in the game of cricket.

Her max speed is 120kmph. Jhulan has been given the ICC Women’s Player of the year 2007 award and M.A.Chidambaram trophy for best woman cricketer in 2011.

Anjali Bhagwat: Shooter with the Eagle’s Eye

She got the title of world number one in 10m Air Rifle in 2002. In 2003 she won her first world cup final in Milan. Anjali is the only Indian to have ever triumphed in the most desirable ISSF Champion of Champions award. She has represented India in three successive Olympics and emerged as a finalist in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Till date Anjali has won 31 gold, 23 silver and 7 bronze medals. She has been nicknamed as ‘The Arjuna of India’.

Karnam Malleswari: Power Lady of Indian Weightlifting

 In the year 1992, she took part in the Asian Championship in Thailand and won 3 silver medals. She also got 3 bronze medals in the same championship. Malleswari won the 1995 Asian Championship and broke her own records in the senior national weightlifting championship in 1997. In the 1998 Asian Games, she won India’s first silver in weightlifting. In the 2000 Summer Olympics held at Sydney, she got a bronze for India lifting 110 kg in the Snatch and 130 kg in the Clean and Jerk.

Mangte Chungneijang Mreykom: The Jaw Crusher

she won the fifth world boxing championship title in Bridgetown, Barbados in 2010. In the Previous matches, she always won in the 46 kg category, but in 2010, Mary clinched the 48 kg class. She is the sole boxer to have won a medal in all the 6 world championships. Marykom had the honor of bearing the Queen’s Baton in the Common wealth 2010 run in the stadium.

Koneru Hampi: The Grand Mistress

She achieved this incredible feat at the tender age of fifteen, when most of the girls are still playing with dolls. The young woman is number two in the world of women’s chess only after Judith Polgar. She is the second female chess player in the world who has surpassed the 2600 Elo score.

In the year 2001, she kick started her winning spree by emerging triumphant in the “World Junior Girls Chess Championship”. After many interesting matches, victories, defeats and controversies, Humpy took part in the FIDE Women’s Grand Prix 2009-2011 and achieved the second position by and large. She has received many prestigious awards like the Arjuna Award and The Padmashri.

'Tania Sachdev: Beauty with Brains

Tania won her first international title at the tender age of eight. Now she has already conquered the world and Asian junior titles. She outdid others in the Asian Chess Championship in 2008 with six and a half points out of nine rounds. She was the second runner up in the 38th National Women’s Premier Chess Championship held in Chennai. She has also received the Arjuna Award.